Saturday, November 9, 2019

PRODUCTION OF GERMICIDE USING PHENOL



Phenol is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 mL (0.895 M). Homogeneous mixtures of phenol and water at phenol to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible. The sodium salt of phenol, sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble. (Wikipedia, 2019)

Phenolic compounds used as antiseptics or disinfectants include pure phenol and substitution products with halogens and alkyl groups. They act to denature and coagulate proteins and are general protoplasmic poisons. (Wickstrom, msdvetmanual, 2019)
Phenol (carbolic acid) is one of the oldest antiseptic agents. It is bacteriostatic at concentrations of 0.1%–1% and is bactericidal/fungicidal at 1%–2%. A 5% solution kills anthrax spores in 48 hr. The bactericidal activity is enhanced by EDTA and warm temperatures; it is decreased by alkaline medium (through ionization), lipids, soaps, and cold temperatures. Concentrations >0.5% exert a local anesthetic effect, whereas a 5% solution is strongly irritating and corrosive to tissues. Oral ingestion or extensive application to skin can cause systemic toxicity, manifested primarily by CNS and cardiovascular effects; death may result. (Wickstrom, msdvetmanual, 2019)
Phenol has good penetrating power into organic matter and is mainly used for disinfection of equipment or organic materials that are to be destroyed (eg, infected food and excreta). Because of its irritant and corrosive properties and potential systemic toxicity, it is not used much as an antiseptic currently, except to cauterize infected areas, eg, the infected umbilicus of neonates. It is also incorporated into cutaneous applications for pruritus, stings, bites, burns, etc, because of its local anesthetic and antibacterial properties to relieve itching and control infections.
(Wickstrom, msdvetmanual, 2019)

Phenol is a benzene ring with one hydroxyl group substituted for a hydrogen atom. It is usually prepared by the hospital pharmacy because it is not commercially available in premixed liquid form. Phenol is poorly soluble in water and, at room temperature, forms only a 6.7% aqueous solution. It has a shelf life of approximately 1 year if refrigerated and shielded from light exposure. When phenol is exposed to room air, it oxidizes and turns a reddish color. Phenol is frequently prepared with contrast and sterile water, sterile saline, or glycerin. When it is prepared with glycerin, it has limited anatomic spread, and, hence, injections are well localized. In rats, the aqueous solution of phenol has greater ability to penetrate the perineurium and produce greater endoneurial damage than glycerin preparations, but there is no difference in results following intraneural injection.13 Unlike alcohol, phenol injection has an initial local anesthetic effect. It is not associated with localized burning but instead creates a sensation of warmth for a short time after injection. The distribution of this sensation can help the practitioner verify proper needle placement similar to a diagnostic local anesthetic injection. Concentrations of 4% to 10% are typically used for neurolysis. When phenol is prepared in glycerin, it has a specific gravity of 1.25, making it hyperbaric. Preparations of phenol in glycerin are highly viscous, which may make administration through a small (22 or 25 gauge) spinal needle difficult. (Meredith C.B. Adams Robert W. Hurley, 2014)

Phenol has occupied a prominent place in the field of hospital disinfection since its initial use as a germicide by Lister in his pioneering work on antiseptic surgery. In the past 30 years, however, work has concentrated on the numerous phenol derivatives or phenolics and their antimicrobial properties. Phenol derivatives originate when a functional group (e.g., alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, halogen) replaces one of the hydrogen atoms on the aromatic ring. Two phenol derivatives commonly found as constituents of hospital disinfectants are ortho-phenylphenol and ortho-benzyl-para-chlorophenol. The antimicrobial properties of these compounds and many other phenol derivatives are much improved over those of the parent chemical. Phenolics are absorbed by porous materials, and the residual disinfectant can irritate tissue. In 1970, depigmentation of the skin was reported to be caused by phenolic germicidal detergents containing para-tertiary butylphenol and para-tertiary amylphenol. (Prevention, 2016)

In high concentrations, phenol acts as a gross protoplasmic poison, penetrating and disrupting the cell wall and precipitating the cell proteins. Low concentrations of phenol and higher molecular-weight phenol derivatives cause bacterial death by inactivation of essential enzyme systems and leakage of essential metabolites from the cell wall. (Prevention, 2016)

Published reports on the antimicrobial efficacy of commonly used phenolics showed they were bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and tuberculocidal.  Many phenolic germicides are EPA-registered as disinfectants for use on environmental surfaces (e.g., bedside tables, bedrails, and laboratory surfaces) and noncritical medical devices. Phenolics are not FDA-cleared as high-level disinfectants for use with semicritical items but could be used to preclean or decontaminate critical and semicritical devices before terminal sterilization or high-level disinfection. (Prevention, 2016)
Formulation
In this formulation, we use phenol, phenol derivatives, pine essential oil, 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, surfactant, and water.


Bibliography
Meredith C.B. Adams Robert W. Hurley. (2014). Science Direct. Retrieved 11 9, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/phenol
Prevention, C. f. (2016, September 18). US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved November 9, 2019, from CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/chemical.html
Wickstrom, M. L. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 9, 2019, from https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/antiseptics-and-disinfectants/phenols-and-related-compounds.
Wickstrom, M. L. (2019). msdvetmanual. Retrieved 11 9, 2019, from Veterinary Manual: https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/antiseptics-and-disinfectants/phenols-and-related-compounds
Wikipedia. (2019, 11 7). Retrieved 11 9, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenol


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