PRODUCTS AND DERIVATIVES FROM VEGETABLE OILS

 

 

We have broadly three sources of oils - petroleum, animal, and vegetable.

 

By vegetable oil I am referring to oils gotten from plant sources. Examples include palm oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, avocado oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, corn oil, jatropha oil, peanut oil, orange pill oil, star apple seed oil etc.

 

Some of these oils are edible others are not but the good thing is that all the oils are extremely useful in various fields of human endeavour. The oils have application in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and confectionary.

 

A few of the industrial application of vegetable oils are highlighted in this write-up:

 

1.    In Fuel Production: edible and non-edible type, fresh and waste stock of vegetable oils are converted to diesel for driving of vehicles and powering of generators. It smokes less and has favouravle cetane value.

 

2.    In Oil Paint Production: Acrylic serves as binder in water paint while alkyd resyd performs the same function in oil paint. Alkyd resyd is obtained by modifying vegetable oils using readily available chemical feedstock.

 

3.    Drilling Mud Production: The two popular broad categories of drilling mud used in petroleum and water borehole drilling are water based and oil based mud. Water based though environmentally friendly has its drawback as it is not suitable for high temperature well formation. An alternative to it has been oil based mud using Diesel as carrier. With heightened environmental concern of diesel based mud, vegetable oil based mud has proven to be a candidate of choice.

 

4.    Detergent Feedstock: Detergent technology has been evolving over the years with linear akylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) being the choice candidate as a result of it biodegradability. LAS can be obtained by sulphonation of vegetable oil at appropriate process conditions.

 

The benefits of vegetable oil are great and the list appears to be endless.

 

Id Oduok is a Graduate Student of Chemical Engineering, specializing in Process Design. His research interest is Industrial Application of Vegetable Oils. A field he has been working on since his undergraduate research. He covers extraction, characterization, refining, and utilization of various vegetable oils. He also designs, simulate, model, and builds pilot scale equipment/plants in this field of interest.

 

Follow him on odfidtechnicalworld.blogspot.com. Also on academia.edu.ng/idoduok. Visit his Technical Center in Eket, Akwa Ibom State. Nigeria

 

REVISION FOR WASSCE BIOLOGY PRACTICAL

 

To prepare candidates for Monday, 31st August, 2020 WASSCE Biology Practical, I wish to highlight these areas that will enable them make outstanding result without cheating.

 

The areas you should work on are diffusion, test for classes of food, soil analysis, fruits and seeds, classification of living organism.

 

Placentation

 

Placentation is the arrangement of the ovules within the ovary. These ovules are attached to the ovary by fleshly structures called placentae (singular-placenta) through short stalks called funicles.

 

Types of placentation

 

a. Marginal placentation: In marginal placentation, the ovules are attached to the placenta along one margin of the ovary. Examples can be found in beans, cowpea, pride of Barbados.

b. Parietal placentation: In this arrangement, the ovules are attached to the slides of a syncarpous ovary having a single chamber e.g. pawpaw.

c. Axile placentation: In axile placentation, the carpels of syncarpous ovary meet in the centre to form the placenta which the ovules are attached e.g. Tomato

HOW TO PREPARE A BILL OF MATERIAL (QUOTATION)

 

Before attempting to construct a project of your own design, you should prepare a job plan. A job plan generally includes the following items:

1. A working drawing of the project. This is a carefully sketched freehand drawing.

2. A bill of materials.

3. A list of tools and equipment needed.

4. A list of the steps of procedure, in proper order, for making the project.

5. Approval before making the project (if required).

 

When you prepare a plan for a project which you are planning to carry out, you use the same procedure that is used in the metal industry. In the industry, every product to be made must be planned out in a working drawing form. Working drawings must be made for each part of each product. The proper material must be selected for each part, and the cost must be analyzed. Tools, machinery and equipment must be provided. The procedure must be carefully analyzed for most economical production. Your job plan, therefore, involves some of the kinds of things which are performed by manufacturing engineers, industrial technicians and skilled workers.

 

A job plan is, therefore, a comprehensive list of materials needed for a project, step-by-step procedure for making the project, the details of the worker's personal data, tools, and equipment needed for the project.

 

A bill of materials is the comprehensive list of all the materials that you will need to complete a project. This list includes bolts, screws, nuts, and washers that have uniform sizes and shapes. It may be useful to refer to a catalogue to get the sizes and types.

 

The bill of materials should be made up as follows:

 

1. The parts (identifies by number or letters).

2. The number of pieces needed for each.

3. The size of the material.

4. The shape and kind of material.

5. The unit cost of the material.

6. The total cost of the object.

 

Things to remember when preparing the bill of materials

 

1. The stock i.e. the raw (rough) materials you need to buy for the project.

2. Decide the shape of the stock you need and buy same.

3. The size given on the bill of materials, i.e. the size of the rough metal you will buy, including the waste to be cut off.

4. The size given on the working drawing, i.e. the finished size.

5. Sizes of materials (stock) are given as follows:

a. Flat piece of metal: thickness x width x length

b. Square piece of metal: thickness x width x length

c. Round piece of metal: diameter x length

d. Hexagonal piece of metal: distance across flat sides x length

 

Part No.	No. of Pieces	Size			Material (Type)	Unit Cost	Total Cost
		Thickness	Width	Length

 

AKS SCHOOL OF NURSING FORM FOR 2020/2021 IS ON SALE. CHECK DETAILS HERE

 

Applications are invited for admission into the Akwa Ibom State Schools of Nursing for the Basic and General Nursing programmes for 2020/2021 academic session.

Registration Commences from Monday 24th August to Friday 18th September, 2020 between the hours of 8:30am – 3:00pm daily except public holidays and weekends at the Nursing Services Directorate, Ministry of Health headquarters, Idongesit Nkanga Secretariat, Uyo.

ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

·         WASSCE, GCE, NECO OR NABTEB with credits in English Language, Chemistry, Physics, Biology and Mathematics, in not more than two sittings.

·         Awaiting May/June WASSCE OR NECO 2019 results can also register with testimonials from their schools.

·         NABTEB Result cannot be combined with any other.

·         Age (16years and above)

REGISTRATION / PROCESSING FEES

1.   Registration fee – N5,000.00

2.   Processing fee – N7,000.00

3.   Nursing and Midwifery Commitcee – N200.00

4.   Customized file – N300.00

REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS

1.   Three recent colour passport photographs

2.   Original and two photocopies each of the following: –

·         Educational Certificate – FSLC, WASSCE, GCE, NECO OR NABTEB

·         Birth certificate or Age Declaration

·         Certificate of Local Government of Origin

·         Change of name if applicable)

ENTRANCE EXAMINATION

Saturday 3rd October, 2020.

DEADLINE: Friday 18th September 2020.